Funding Disclosures This work was sponsored by Allergan Aesthetics, an AbbVie Company. Writing and editorial assistance was provided to the authors by Regina Kelly, MA, of Peloton Advantage, LLC, an OPEN Health company, and funded by AbbVie. Neither honoraria nor other form of payment was made for authorship. Author Disclosures Amy Brideau-Andersen: is an employee… [Read More]
Neuromodulators
Botulinum toxin type A for the upper face
Introduction The desire to understand and optimize facial beauty dates back as far as mankind, stemming in part from the innate biological drive to exude attractiveness and increase the likelihood of reproductive success. Certainly, beauty and facial expression play central roles in perception of emotional cues and other non-verbal communication. Societal and cultural factors, including… [Read More]
Clinical Application of Neuromodulators: Lower Face/Neck
Abstract Treatment of the lower face is a necessary component of an integrated approach to facial rejuvenation. Neurotoxin injections are a cornerstone of addressing age-related changes to the lower face. A knowledge of potential neurotoxin targets provides a foundation for addressing rhytids as well as modifying the overall facial shape. However, the relatively complex muscular… [Read More]